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Apache webserver

Web server is a piece of software that listens for web requests (via browser, applications, or tools like wget and curl) and responds to it. A server can be static or dynamic. Static servers response with prebuilt files as is. While dynamic servers builds webpages on-demand based on the user requests and possibly acquiring data from a database.

First, we need a server software package. There are a few popular ones like apache and nginx. Here we will try to setup an apache on a Ubuntu machine. We can install from our package manager:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install apache2

We can start, restart or stop the server using following commands:

sudo service apache2 start
sudo service apache2 restart
sudo service apache2 stop

You can check the status of apache whether running:

service apache2 status
service --status-all

Once the server is started, you can visit your ip address: http://xxx.xx.x.xxx using a browser and you will see a pre-configured webpage.

If you want to serve your own page just replace the index.html file located in the /var/www/html/ directory. Not only the index.html, but you can have a full website with directory structure and css and javascript. This is basically all you need to do setting up and running a simple website. But there is a whole lot more about server to explore.

The main server configuration file is located at /etc/apache2/apache2.conf.

Server logs​

Apache has two logs: access.log and error.log. We can look them up in the /var/log/apache2 directory.

Create a self-signed certificate​

In general, you have a get a certificate from a certificate authority. But you can self-sign a certificate for your own purpose.

openssl genrsa -out ca.key 2048
openssl req -new -key ca.key -out ca.csr
openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in ca.csr -signkey ca.key -out ca.crt

Setting up apache in CentOS/Fedora​

Installation:

sudo dnf groupinstall "Basic web server"
sudo systemctl start httpd
sudo systemctl restart httpd
sudo systemctl stop httpd
systemctl status httpd

Set DNS

sudo vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

In Ubuntu, it is in /etc/apache2/apache2.conf.

Add correct ServerName and restart httpd

ServerName ec2-xx-xxx-xx-xx.ap-southeast-1.compute.amazonaws.com

Note that if you are using AWS or another cloud service to host your server, you may need to add HTTP/HTTPS rule for inbound traffic in the security policy before you can access over internet.

Security hardening​

Open /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf and consider following settings:

Disable trace route:

TraceEnable off

Disable server banner that will hide the apache version:

ServerSignature Off
ServerTokens Prod

Disable directory listing:

<Directory />
Options None
Order allow,deny
Allow from all
</Directory>

Limit allowed HTTP methods:

<Directory />
    <LimitExcept GET HEAD>
        deny from all
    </LimitExcept>
</Directory>

Disable Etag:

FileETag None

Protection against click-jacking:

Header set X-Frame-Options "DENY"

Always keep your system up to date.